Citizenship in Africa: The Law of Belonging

PART I INTRODUCTION 1. International Law and the Right to a Nationality 1.1. What's in a Word: Citizenship or Nationality? 1.2. The Regulation of Nationality in International Law 1.3. The Content of Citizenship Rights 1.4. The Relevance of the Right to a Nationality in Africa PART II EMPIRE TO INDEPENDENCE: THE INVENTION OF NATIONALITY IN AFRICA 2. Membership in the Pre-Colonial Era 3. The European Colonial Period 3.1. British Territories 3.2. French Territories 3.3. Others 4. Transition to Independence 4.1. The Ottoman Empire 4.2. British Territories 4.3. French Territories 4.4. Others PART III AFRICAN NATIONALITY LAWS SINCE INDEPENDENCE 5. Trends and Patterns in Nationality Law 5.1. Acquisition at Birth: The Balance of Jus Soli and Jus Sanguinis 5.2. Gender Equality 5.3. Dual Nationality 5.4. Naturalisation 5.5. Loss and Deprivation 5.6. Making Sense of Legal Amendments 6. Identification and Registration 6.1. Proof of Nationality: The Civil/ Common Law Divide 6.2. Civil Registration 6.3. Child Protection 6.4. Identification and Nationality 6.5. The Relationship Between the Formal and the Informal PART IV COUNTRY CASE STUDIES 7. Who is a Native? 7.1. Dual Citizenship, Denationalisation and Disenfranchisementin Zimbabwe 7.2. The 'Lebanese' of Sierra Leone 7.3. 'Asians' and other 'others' in Kenya and Uganda 7.4. Cote d'Ivoire's War of Conjunctions: The 'and' and the 'or' 7.5. The Banyarwanda of Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo 7.6. Mauritania's Efforts to Enforce a 'Nation-State' 7.7. 'Indigeneity' in Nigeria: The Links Between Local and National 8. State Successions Since Independence 8.1. Eritrea/Ethiopia: State Succession and Mass Expulsion 8.2. Sudan and South Sudan 8.3. The Bakassi Peninsula 8.4. The Tebu and the 'Aouzou strip' between Chad and Libya 8.5. Other ICJ Rulings in Border Disputes 9. Access to Citizenship for Refugees 9.1. Former Liberian and Sierra Leonean Refugees in Guinea 9.2. Tanzania: A Unique Offer of Citizenship to Refugees 9.3. South Africa: The Dream Deferred PART V CONCLUSIONS 10. The Importance of Nationality Law in Africa 10.1. Categories of the Excluded and Commonalities with other Regions 10.2. Patterns, Continuities, and Discontinuities in the Law 10.3. The Influence of International Law 10.4. The Instrumentalisation of Nationality Laws 10.5. The Unintended Consequences of the Initial Frameworks for Nationality Law 10.6. The Impact of Changes in Nationality Laws 10.7. Marginal Citizens: The Buffer Zone 10.8. The Importance of Recognised Nationality and the Impact of Statelessness 11. An Agenda for Research and Reform 11.1. Pathways to Citizenship 11.2. Resolving the Question of Theoretical other Nationalities 11.3. The Situation of Nomads 11.4. Bringing Naturalisation in from the Arbitrary Cold 11.5. The Role of Decentralised Decision-Making 11.6. The Importance of Subsidiary Legislation and Administrative Procedures 11.7. 'Legal identity' and New Technologies in Africa 11.8. Future Directions: Nationality in National and Continental Law