Investment and Human Rights in Armed Conflict: Charting an Elusive Intersection

Introduction I. Focus of the Book II. Structure of the Book 1. Extractive Sector Investment in Conflict Countries: The Situation in Afghanistan I. Extractive Companies in Conflict Countries: An Issue of Human Rights Protection? A. The Human Rights Impact of Extractive Companies in Conflict Countries B. Conceptualising the Term 'Protection' II. Practical Challenges in Operationalising Human Rights Protection When Extractive Companies Invest in Conflict Countries: The Situation in Afghanistan A. Corporate Abuse and 'Soft-law' Mechanisms B. Prioritising the Rights to be Protected C. A Complex Political Context III. Preliminary Conclusions 2. The Relevant Legal Framework: Investment Protection in Conflict Settings I. Foreign Investment and the Need for Protection: International Investment Law and Armed Conflict A. The Notion of Investment II. Relevant Standards of Investment Protection A. The Evolution of FET through the Doctrine of Legitimate Expectations B. Full Protection and Security C. War Clauses D. Protections Against Expropriation E. Most-favoured Nation Treatment III. Preliminary Conclusions 3. The Relevant Legal Framework of Human Rights Protection: ESC Rights and the Right to Water I. Reasons for a Focus on the Right to Water II. Legal Foundations of the Right to Water III. States' Obligations to Respect, Protect and Fulfil IV. Article 2(1) ICESCR: Progressive Realisation and Obligations of Immediate Effect A. Elimination of Discrimination B. Obligation to Take Steps C. Prohibition of Retrogressive Measures D. Minimum Core Obligations V. Availability, Accessibility, Acceptability and Quality VI. Maximum Available Resources VII. International Assistance and Cooperation as a Basis for Extraterritorial Obligations VIII. On Limitations to ESC Rights IX. Preliminary Conclusions 4. Human Rights and Investment: Analysing the Relationship I. The Contours of a Troubled Relationship A. Of Conflicting Laws: How States' Obligations in International Investment Agreements Affect States' Human Rights Obligations B. Of the Inherent Limitations of International Investment Law II. Is a Balance Between 'Investors' Rights' and Human Rights Possible? III. Preliminary Conclusions 5. Business and Human Rights: A Tool for Investment and Human Rights Protection in Armed Conflict? I. A Critical Appraisal of the Business and Human Rights Framework A. Third Pillar: Effective Remedial Action B. Second Pillar: The Corporate Responsibility to Respect Human Rights C. First Pillar: The State's Duty to Protect Human Rights II. The Framework at the Intersection of International Human Rights Law and Investment Law in Armed Conflict III. Preliminary Conclusions Conclusion: Implications for Afghanistan